Sensitivity of TOPSIS ranks to data normalization and objective weights on the example of digital development

Abstract The European Commission's Digital Economy and Social Index (DESI) is a composite index that aims to measure the state of digital transformation in Union (EU) its member states based on five principal dimensions. For each dimension, Commission assigns predefined weights determine ranking countries. following paper ranks using Technique for Order Preference by Similarity Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. TOPSIS two data transformations. First, it normalizes according chosen procedure second, criteria. aim study evaluate how countries can be ranked dimensions DESI but objective instead arbitrary Commission, testing robustness sensitivity methods normalization weighting.